Biological Synthesis, Characterisations and Antimicrobial activities of manganese dioxide (MnO₂) nanoparticles

 

Naveen Chandra Joshi^1*, Ekta Joshi², Ajay Singh³

¹Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun (India)

²Project Fellow, Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun (India)

³Professor, Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun (India)

 

ABSTRACT:

In the present study, we have successfully synthesized manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MDONPs) using the leaves extract of Datura stramonium as reducing agents. The synthetic biological method was found highly efficient, low cost and eco-friendly. The formation of MDONPs was confirmed by visual colour change of solutions and UV-Visible spectroscopy. Biologically synthesized MDONPs have been characterized by using different analytical methods such as UV-Visible, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS); all these techniques indicated the efficient formation of MDONPs. The antimicrobial activity of MDONPs was checked by using well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus mutans and Escherichia coli and MDONPs found powerful antimicrobial agents.

 

INTRODUCTION:

The practices of green or biological processes over conventional chemical, physical other industrial processes are directly concerned with efficiency, low cost, environmentally friendly and reutilisations. One of major applications of green chemistry in the chemical, pharmaceutical, biological and other fields are to synthesize metal and metal oxide nanoparticles^1-3. Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have now attracted great attentions due to their many useful physical, chemical and biological properties. Most of such inorganic nanoparticles are known for their applicability in pharmaceutical, biological, chemical and electronics industries. Green synthesis of nanoparticles by using any easily available biomaterials is a good alternative over other conventional methods⁴.

 

The commonly biosynthesised metal oxide nanoparticles are ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃), calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium oxide (MgO), titanium dioxide (TiO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), manganese dioxide (MnO₂) and cupric oxide (CuO) nanoparticles^5-16. These oxide nanoparticles are generally used in pharmaceutical, chemical and electronics industries and in remediation of different pollutants present in fresh, saline or waste water.

 

The plant extract based reduction methods are more efficient due to presence of a variety of bio-molecules in plants and these molecules act as capping and reducing agents. Manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MDONPs) are one of most attractive nanomaterials used in biosensor, energy storage, ion exchange, catalysis, adsorption, antimicrobial agents etc^17-22. In this work, we have synthesised very efficiently MDONPs by using the leaves extract of Datura stramonium. The plant Datura stramonium belongs to Angiospermic family Solanaceae and well known medicinal herb. This plant is wild growing flowering plant and contains a number of alkaloids. The leaves extract of Datura stramonium is used for the treatment of asthma, swelling, burns and ulcers. The leaves of this plant are simple dentate, hairy, and large, 5-6 inches long, pale green and oval glabrous^23,24.

After synthesis of MDONPs, suitable characterisation methods are necessary to explore physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles. For this purpose, we have characterised MDONPs by using UV-Visible, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) methods. It is necessary to all health care and other industries to analyse the synthesised nanoparticles using above mentioned technique.

 

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Preparation of leaves extract:

The collected leaves of Datura stramonium (Fig: 1A) were washed with distilled water and then completely dried in tray dryer. The dried leaves grinded into a fine powder and 4 g of leaves powder was mixed with 100ml of double distilled water. Boiled this content for 30 minutes with a constant stirrer and then cooled at room temperature. Finally, cooled content filtered and filtrate i.e. leaves extract was preserved at 4°C.

 

Synthesis of MDONPs:

The pH of leaves extract was adjusted 6 and 10ml of leaves extract mixed with 100 ml of 0.2 M potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) solution in a 250ml of Erlenmeyer flask; color of KMnO₄ solution was changed from violet to reddish brown (Fig. 1C). This solution was kept on a magnetic stirrer for 3-4 hours at a constant shake. After that, a brownish suspended solution has been obtained and that further sonicated to make a homogeneous mixture. The solution was now centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 20 minutes and pellets collected and properly washed with 95% ethanol and double distilled water. After washing, the pellets were dried at 90⁰C in a hot air oven for 4 hours under controlled conditions. The dried nano-powder of MDONPs was preserved in sealed bottles for characterisations and antimicrobial activity. The characterisation methods included UV-Visible, FTIR, Powder XRD, FESEM and EDX.

 

Characterisation and antimicrobial activity of MDONPs:

The antibacterial activity of MDONPs was tested by using well diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus mutans and Escherichia coli. The petri plates containing Muller Hinton agar have been prepared by introducing a liquid media on the sterilised plates and then solidified. The MDONPs loaded in wells over these plates and after incubation period, zones of inhibition were measured around the loaded MDONPs.

 

Fig. 1  (A) Datura stramonium (B) Leaves extract (C) KMnO₄ solution (D) Color change of KMnO₄ solution

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

Characterisation of manganese dioxide nanoparticles:

UV-Visible:

UV-Visible spectroscopy is very common analytical tool which used in quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of substances in solution. UV-Visible spectroscopy is low cost, rapid and simple analytical method used to observe the formation of nanoparticles at particular wavelengths. In general, transition of electrons takes place from lower energy levels to higher energy levels after the absorption of suitable ultra violet and visible wavelength. In our study, the UV-Visible spectra have been recorded for MDONPs in between 325 nm to 600 nm (Fig. 2); the formation of MDONPs is observed in between 350 to 375 nm²⁶.

 

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is also very common, rapid, economical and non-destructive technique. FTIR is basically used to detect the presence of bonds in the biologically synthesised nanomaterials. This technique is based on interference with high precisions and sensitivity^26-28. The FTIR spectra of MDONPs in the range of 4500 to 500 cm^-1 is shown in figure 3. Broad peaks are obtained at 3374, 1634, 1384, 1056 and 559; these peaks are related to the presence of O-H, C=O, C-C, Mn-C, Mn-O etc bonds on the surface of manganese dioxide nanoparticles.

 

 

Fig. 2 UV-Visible spectra of MDONPs

 

 

Fig. 3 FTIR spectra of MDONPs

 

Powder XRD:

Powder X-Ray diffraction technique is very rapid and advanced technique used for phase identification and unit cell dimensions of nanomaterials. XRD technique is also used in the identification of minerals, sample purity and analysis of crystalline materials^29-30. The XRD pattern of MDONPs is represented in figure 4; the peaks assigned at 28θ, 32θ, 40θ, 50θ, 68θ and 72θ resembling to standard JCPDS No. 04-0326 and indicating the formation of manganese dioxide nanoparticles. These peaks are also indicating orthorhombic structure of MnO₂ with sample purity (COO-213 card, no. 96-900-3477).

 

Fig. 4 XRD pattern of MDONPs

 

FESEM and EDX:

Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) is used to observe the morphological features of nano-particles. The behavior of nanoparticles is also based on the morphological characteristics of their particles. FESEM works with high energy’s electrons under vacuum conditions; images of objects are obtained with such electrons under high vacuum. The electrons are deflected and focused by electronic lenses to make narrow and smooth beams^26,29. The FESEM images of MDONPs are represented in figure 5; these images indicate a polymorphic morphology of MDONPs. Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) technique is used for the elemental analysis in the nanomaterials²⁶. The EDX spectra of MDONPs is shown in figure 6 (Peaks possibly omitted: 2.153, 2.650, 9.712, 11.479 keV) and elemental composition in MnO₂ nanoparticles is represented in table 1.

 

Table: 1 EDX composition

Element	Weight%	Atomic%
C	30.98	48.52
O	32.12	37.78
Mg	0.47	0.36
K	5.38	2.59
Ca	0.94	0.44
Mn	30.11	10.31
Totals	100.00

C=Carbon; O=Oxygen; Mg=Magnesium; K=Potassium; Ca=Calcium and Mn=Manganese

 

Antimicrobial activity:

The practices of nanotechnology in fields of pharmaceutical and biological sciences have been developed from last five or six years. The conventional synthetic methods used to synthesize nanoparticles are suffering with many drawbacks and application of green and biological methods in the synthesis of nanoparticles is an excellent alternative.

  

  

Fig. 5 FESEM images of MDONPs

 

Fig. 6 EDX spectra of MDONPs

 

Nanoparticles play a significant role in the pharmaceutical sciences and exhibit novel properties which enable them to interact with microbes, animals and plants.

 

 

The biologically synthesized nanoparticles are very safe to environment and living organisms. A review of literature^31-40 reveals that the metal and metal oxide nanoparticles have gained a great attention due to their antimicrobial properties.

 

Manganese dioxide (MnO₂) nanoparticles are one of them; due to nano sized particle sizes and some unique characteristics, such nanoparticles can easily enter in the cells of micro-organisms³⁴. After that, a significant inhibition mechanism takes place inside the microbial cells. This mechanism causes distortions and destroys cell membranes; finally, it resulting death of microbial cells. In this study, we have checked the antibacterial acticity of MDONPs against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Streptococcus mutans and Escherichia coli by using well diffusion method. The MDONPs have been loaded in the wells on agar containing sterilized petri plates; after incubation period (24 hours at 37°C), valuable zones of inhibition found around loaded MDONPs. The inhibition mechanism was based on amount of MDONPs and zones of inhibition recorded 18 mm, 19 mm, 21 mm, 14 mm and 12 mm for S. aureus, S. mutans, E. coli, S. typhi and P. vulgaris at initial dosage 10 mg/ml and increased to 30 mm, 36 mm, 44 mm, 26 mm and 24 mm at final dosage (Fig. 1.7).

 

Fig. 1.7 Antibacterial activity of MDONPs

 

CONCLUSIONS:

Leaves extract based biologically synthesised manganese dioxide nanoparticles have been found excellent antibacterial agents against S. aureus, S. mutans, E. coli, S. typhi and P. vulgaris. The synthetic method used leaves extract of Datura stramonium as reducing agent was highly efficient, low cost and eco-friendly. The biologically synthesised nanoparticles were well characterised by using UV-Visible, FTIR, XRD, FESEM and EDX techniques.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

We are very thankful to the Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University Dehradun (India) for providing all facilities during the experimental works.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

 

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Received on 10.06.2019           Modified on 06.07.2019

Accepted on 01.08.2019         © RJPT All right reserved